Our brains are naturally programmed to seek pleasure, leading us to repeat activities that make us feel good. This can apply to both enjoyable experiences, like dining at a favorite restaurant, and to the use of mind-altering substances. This inherent drive to repeat pleasurable behaviors can lead to substance use disorders, commonly known as addiction. With over 35 million people affected worldwide, substance use disorders are a serious issue, but they are treatable.
Traditionally, treatment for substance use disorders involves support groups, medications, and therapy. Recently, however, research has been exploring the potential roles of cannabis and CBD in addiction recovery.
In this article, we’ll delve into how cannabis and CBD might assist in recovery from substance use disorders, discuss whether cannabis itself can be addictive, and offer guidance on finding help for substance use issues.
How Could Cannabis or CBD Aid in Addiction Recovery?
Before diving into the benefits, it’s important to clarify some terms. “Cannabis” refers to the Cannabis sativa plant, while “marijuana” denotes strains with mind-altering properties. The two primary cannabinoids in this plant are THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). THC is responsible for the psychoactive effects, while CBD does not produce a high.
Both cannabis and CBD have shown potential in addressing some symptoms of substance use disorders, including:
- Difficulty Controlling Substance Use
- Social Issues: Strained relationships or problems at work
- Tolerance: Increasing amounts needed for the same effect
- Withdrawal Symptoms: Discomfort when not using the substance
- Risky Use: Continued use despite negative consequences
Craving and Consumption
Cravings, often triggered by negative emotions, can lead to substance use. Chronic pain, stress, and anxiety are significant triggers for cravings. Both cannabis and CBD are used to manage these issues, which has led researchers to investigate their potential in reducing cravings for other substances.
For example, studies have indicated that cannabis can help reduce or eliminate opioid use, including opioids prescribed for pain and those misused recreationally. Cannabis use has also been associated with decreased use of pharmaceuticals, alcohol, and tobacco. In some studies, a single high dose of CBD has reduced opioid cravings and drug-related anxiety for a week, though its effectiveness can vary depending on the substance.
Withdrawal
Physical dependence on a substance leads to withdrawal symptoms when use is discontinued. Common withdrawal symptoms include poor sleep, irritability, and mood changes. Opioid withdrawal, in particular, can be severe and often drives individuals to resume use.
Cannabis and CBD may help alleviate withdrawal symptoms such as pain, nausea, and anxiety. Cannabis is known to improve appetite and mood, which can be beneficial during withdrawal. However, CBD alone has shown limited effectiveness in treating nicotine withdrawal but may help reduce the enjoyment of smoking, potentially aiding in smoking cessation.
Substitution and Harm Reduction
Harm reduction involves strategies to prevent overdose and improve health for people using drugs. Substituting a more dangerous substance with a less harmful one is a common harm reduction approach. Cannabis is sometimes used as a substitute for substances like cocaine, methamphetamine, opioids, and alcohol.
Compared to these substances, cannabis is often viewed as:
- Safer and Less Addictive
- Effective for Symptom Relief
- Easier to Access
- More Socially Acceptable
In Canada, some treatment centers incorporate cannabis into their treatment plans for alcohol use disorder. Although this practice is less common in the U.S., preliminary studies suggest that cannabis could be a less harmful alternative to alcohol, with fewer health impacts and lower associated healthcare costs.
Cannabis and CBD in Tapering Off Other Substances
For those struggling to completely replace one substance with another, cannabis and CBD might help in reducing doses of substances like opioids, benzodiazepines, stimulants, and alcohol. By providing similar benefits with fewer risks, cannabis and CBD may support dose reduction and offer important health protections. More research is needed to confirm these effects.
Is Cannabis Addictive?
Cannabis can activate pleasure circuits in the brain, potentially leading to habit formation. The addictive properties are primarily attributed to THC. Cannabis use disorder, the most extreme form of misuse, affects a small percentage of users, with estimates ranging from 5% to 22%. As legal access to cannabis increases, ongoing research will help clarify its impact on addiction.
Can Cannabis Use During Recovery Trigger Relapse?
There is no clear evidence that cannabis use causes relapse to more dangerous substances. In fact, cannabis and CBD may be useful in preventing relapse by managing withdrawal symptoms and negative feelings. However, cannabis use could indicate a need for additional support, as it may serve as a self-medication strategy.
Treatment Options for Substance Use Disorder
Cannabis and CBD can help manage withdrawal symptoms and emotional challenges, but should be used cautiously and in moderation. Successful recovery often involves a combination of treatment strategies, including peer support, counseling, and medication-assisted treatment (MAT). In some cases, supervised detoxification in a medical facility may be necessary.
Recovery from substance use disorder is a personal journey, and what works for one person may not work for another. For some, cannabis might be a valuable part of their recovery plan, while others may find it less effective. Seeking professional guidance and exploring a range of treatment options can help individuals find the best path to recovery.
